1. Present
Perfect Tense
Present perfect tense as an
event that has occurred and is related to the present time.
FORM:
(+) S +
Has/Have + Past Participle (V3)
(-) S +
Has/Have + not + past participle (V3)
ex: I Have not seen that movie
twenty times
(?) Has/Have
+ S + past participle (V3)
2. Present Perfect Progressive Tense
The present
perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going
on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.
Form of Present Perfect Progressive
Positive
|
Negative
|
Question
|
|
I / you /
we / they
|
I have
been speaking.
|
I have not
been speaking.
|
Have I
been speaking?
|
he / she /
it
|
He has
been speaking.
|
He has not
been speaking.
|
Has he
been speaking?
|
Exceptions in Spelling
Exceptions in spelling when adding ing
|
Example
|
final e
is dropped
(but: ee is not changed) |
come –
coming
(but: agree – agreeing) |
after a
short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
|
sit – sitting
|
l as final consonant after a vowel
is doubled (in British English)
|
travel – tra
|
Use of Present Perfect Progressive
- puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Example: She has been writing for two hours.
- action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I have been living here since 2001.
- finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon.
Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive
- all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole wee
3. Differences and similarities in the Present and Perfect and the Present ferfect progressive
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Exceptions
|
:
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Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.Result or duration?
Use
Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.Result or duration?
Do you want to express what has happened so far or how long an action has been going on yet?| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
Result (what / how much / how often)
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice. |
Duration (how long)
I have been writing for an hour. |
Certain verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the progressive form).- state: be, have (for possession only)
Example: We have
been on holiday for two weeks.
- senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch
Example: He has
touched the painting.
- brain work: believe, know, think, understand
Example: I have
known him for 3 years.
Emphasis on completion or duration?
Do you want to emphasise the completion of an action or its continuous course (how has somebody spent his time)?| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
Emphasis on completion
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.) |
Emphasis on duration
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my
time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.) |
Result or side effect?
Do you want to express that a completed action led to a desired result or that the action had an unwanted side effect?| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
desired result
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
|
unwanted side effect
Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I
became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is
clean now.) |
Time + negation: last time or beginning of an action?
In negative sentences: Do you want to express how much time has past since the last time the action took place or since the beginning of the action?| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
| since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.) |
since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.) |
Permanent or temporary?
If an action is still going on and we want to express that it is a permanent situation, we would usually use the Present Perfect Simple. For temporary situations, we would prefer the Present Perfect Progressive. This is not a rule, however, only a tendency.| Present Perfect Simple | Present Perfect Progressive |
| permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.) |
temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.) |
Signal words
Present Perfect Simple |
Present Perfect Progressive |
|
|
4.Simple Past Tense
We used this
tense to talk about the past.
FORM:
(+) S +
Verb2 + O
ex: She studied English last night
(-) S + did
+ not + Verb1
ex: She did not studied English last
night
(?) did + S
+ verb1 + O
ex: Did She studied English last
night?
Scoring
Grammar : 50%
Spelling :40 %
Total score : grammar + spelling
50-60 (D)
61-70 (C)
71-80 (B)
81-90 (A)
Exercise
:
Use the simple past or the present perfect. In some
sentences, either tense is possible but the meaning is different.
1. I
(attend, not) haven’t attended any
parties since i came here.
2. Al
(go)______________ to aparty at Sally apertment last Saturday night.
3. Bill
(arrive)_______________ here three days ago.
4. Bill
(be) __________________ here since the 22nd.
5. So
far this week, I (have)_____________ two test and quiz.
Scoring
Grammar : 50%
Spelling :40 %
Total score : grammar + spelling
50-60 (D)
61-70 (C)
71-80 (B)
81-90 (A)
50-60 (D)
61-70 (C)
71-80 (B)
81-90 (A)
Exercise
:
Use the simple past or the present perfect. In some
sentences, either tense is possible but the meaning is different.
1. I
(attend, not) haven’t attended any
parties since i came here.
2. Al
(go)______________ to aparty at Sally apertment last Saturday night.
3. Bill
(arrive)_______________ here three days ago.
4. Bill
(be) __________________ here since the 22nd.
5. So
far this week, I (have)_____________ two test and quiz.
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