8. Morpheme
A. Definition of morpheme
Morpheme is a short
segment of language
Morpheme have three
criteria
1.
It is a word part of word of a word that
has meaning.
2.
It cannot be devided into smaller
meaningfull parts without violation of its meaningless remainders.
3.
It recurs in differing verbal environtments with a relatively stable
meaning.
For example: trait,
rate and ate
B. Free and bound Morpheme
Morphemes are two
kinds, free and bound morpheme.
Free morpheme is a
word can standing alone.
Bound morpheme is a word can’t standing alone.
For example : Review – re
view
Re : bound
View
: free
C. Bases
A base morpheme is the
part of a word that has the principal meaning.
A base is linguistitic
form that meets one or more of these requirements:
1. It
can occur as an immediate constituent of a word whose only other immediate
constituent is a prefix or suffix.
Example:
react, active, fertilize.
2. It
is an allomorph of a morpheme which has another , allomorph that is a free
form.
Example : wolves (woll).
3. It
is a borrowing from another language in which it is a free form or a base.
Example: Biography.
D. Difficulties in morphemic Analysis
Ø The
first dificulty is that you have your own individual stock of morpheme.
Ø The
second dificulty is that person may know a given morpheme.
Ø Thus,
we conclude that one individual’s morpheme are not those of an other.
Ø Morpheme
may slowly fade away into disuse as the
decades and centuries roll.
Ø Another
problem result from the fact that
metapors die as language changes.
Ø This
last matter, additive meanings, is problem in itself.
E. Affixes
An affixes is a bound
morpheme that occurs before or within or after a base.
There are three kinds
of affixes namely, prefix, infix and
suffix.
Ø Prefixes
are those bound morpheme that occur before a base.
For example : copilot
Co : prefix pilot: Base
Ø Infixes
are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word.
For
example : Freeze, froze, frozen
Frozen
is a steam, into this the infix o is inserted in the past tense froze and the
past participle is prozen.
Ø Suffixes
are bound morpheme that occur after a base.
For
example : organists
F. Inflectional suffixes
The inflectional
affixes can be schematized as follows:
Inflectional
Affix example name
1.
{-s pl}
Dogs oxen mice noun plural
2.
{-s sg ps} boy’s noun
singular posesive
3.
{-s pl ps} Gilrs’, women’s noun
plural possesive
4.
{-s 3d} vacates present
third –person singular
5.
{ING vb} describing present
participle
6.
{-D pt} chewed,
rode past tense
7.
{-D pp} chewed,
caten past
participle
8.
{-ER cp } bolder, sooner, nearer comparative
9.
{-EST sp} boldest, soonest, nearest superlative
The Inflectional
suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the following ways to which
there are few exceptions.
1.
They do not change the part of speech.
Examples
: sled, sleds (both nouns)
Cough, coughed (both verbs)
Could, colder (both adjectives)
2.
They come last in a word
Examples
: shortened, villainies, industrializine.
3.
They go with all steams of a given part
of speech.
Examples
: Drinks, dreams, motivates.
4.
They do not pile up only one ends a
word.
Examples
: flakes, working, higher, written.
G. Derivational suffixes
Derivational
suffixes ia a procces editing word .
1. The
words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary matter.
For example: happy
- happiness
2. In
many cases, but not all, a derivational suffix changes the part of speech of
the word to which it is added.
For example: active
3. Derivational
suffixes usually do not close off a word that is, after a derivational suffix
one can sometimes and another derivational suffix and can frequently add an inflectional
suffix.
For example : fertilize
H. Suffixal Homophones
Some
suffixes, both inflectional and derivational, have homophous forms.
The inflectional morpheme (-ER cp) has two
homophones.
Ø The
first is the derivational suffix (-ER n), which as attached to verbs to form
noun.
For example: hunter
Ø The
second derivational -er morpheme appears like chatter,
mutter and patter.
Ø The
verbal inflectional suffix {-ING vb} has
two homophones.
The
first one is the nominal derivational suffix {-ING nm}. Examples : meetings,
weddings and readings.
The
second homophone of {-ING vb} is the adjectival {-ING aj}
example:
a charming woman.
Ø The
verbal derivational {-D pp} has a homophone in the adjectival derivational {-D aj},
Example
: Helen was excited about her new job.
Ø The
adjectival {-D aj} is characterized by its capacity for modification by
qualifiers.
Examples
: very, rather, quite and by more and most.
A rather tapestry hung over the fireplace.
Ø The
verbal {-D pp}, on the other hand, does not accept such modifiers. We would
not,
Example,
say.
Ø The
adverbial derivational suffix
I. Noun Feminine Forms
English
has a small group of nouns with feminine derivational suffixes. All but
(-ster)
are of foreign origin. They have been added to a masculine form or a
base
morpheme.
Suffix
Masculine Feminine
Suffix Masculine Feminine
1.
-e (borrowed from French) fiancé fiancée
2.
-enne (borrowed from French) comedian
comedienne
3.
-ess (the most productive) patron patroness
4.
-etta Henry Henrietta
5.
-ette usher usherette
6.
-euse (borrowed from French) masseur masseuse
7.
-ina George Georgina
8.
-ine hero heroine
9.
-ster (no longer a feminine suffix) spinner spinster
10.
-stress (dead suffix)
seamster seamstress
11. –ix
aviator
aviatrix
There
are three status of feminine deveritional suffixes :
1.
The most common and productive is added
to many words without changing the ending of masculine .
For
example The ending –ess
Masculine feminine
> Patron - patroness
2. Completely dead is
totally change added ending of masculine.
For example the ending –stress
Masculine feminine
>Seamster
- seamstress
3. Borrow from another
language (french)
For example
Masculine feminine
>Masseour - masseuse
>All
of these feminizing suffixes, except for (-ster)
are of a foreign origin.
>These
feminizing suffixes are either added to a masculine form or to a base morpheme.
>English
has also about fifty pairs of word with seperate form for the masculine ang
feminine, example: uncle-aunt.
The feminine
suffixes must be used judiciously.
Although some
individuals are unconcerned about morphological forms that
distinguish men
from women, others see such distinctions as unnecessary
and perhaps even
demeaning to women.
English has
about fifty pairs of words with separate forms of the masculine
and the
feminine.
bull, cow;
uncle, aunt; gander, goose
These are a matter of
lexicography rather than morphology
J. Noun Diminutive Forms
There
are six diminutive suffixes in English. They are morphemes that
convey
a meaning of smallness or endearment or both.
Suffix
Examples
1. –ie,
-i,-y as in auntie, Betty, Sweetie, willy (endemtment)
2. –ette as in dinette, towelette (smallness)
3. –kin,
-ikin, -kins as in lambkin, manikin (smallness)
4. –ling as in darling (endemtment)
5. –let as in booklet (smallness)
Other
diminutives have come to English as part of borrowed words. They
were
diminutive in their own or parent language but are nonmorphemic in
K. Immediate Constituents
Morphemes; bases, prefixes, infixes, and suffixes—of
which words are
composed, are put together to build the word structure.
blaze is composed of one morpheme; unitary part.
cheerful is composed of two morphemes, with the
division between them:
cheer ful
A word of three or more morphemes is not made up of a
string of individual
parts; it is built with a hierarchy of twosomes.
gentlemanly is composed of three morphemes.
* gentle + manly
gentlemanly
gentleman +
ly gentlemanly
L. Allomorphs
This is expressed in the formula: {-D pt} =
/-ad/ ~/-t/~/-d/
Example: Laughed (past tense) /t/
Wanted (past tense) /ed/
Played (past tense) /d/
M. Conditioning: phonological and morphological
The same sound, the same was true of
plural morpheme {-s pl}, where addition of
/ez/, /-z/, or /-s/
N.
Replacive Allomorphs
Most of the allomorphs we have been
dealing been additive that is formong words by
adding
prefixes and suffixes to bases.
Formula : /-ed~-t~-d/
Example: Yesterday we parted
Yesterday we laughed
Yesterday we played
O. Homophones
Homophones is word have simillar same sound, but they have
different spelling, meaning and gramatical.
Examples: Meat /mit/
Meet /mit/
Mete /mit/
To /tu/
Too /tu/
Two /tu/
Toe /tu/
P. Phonesthemes
Phonesthemes are speech sound that in themselves express, clicit,
or sugest meaning.
At the beginning of words, group of written
spoken consonant.
Example:
/gl/ = light (glow, glare, glint, gleant,
glisten)
/fl/ = moving light ( flame, flash,flare,
flambeau)
/sp/ = point (spire, spark, spot,
spout, spade)
/sl/ = movement (slide, slink, slosh, slither, slouch,
shump)
9.
Words
A.
Definition of “word”
That the word is a genuine
linguistic unit is scareely questioned, and every one seems to know what it is.
Example: They are my friends
that will be as your friend two.
Token: 11
Types: 11
B.
Simple and Complex words
English words may be classified on the basis of the kinds and
combinations of morpheme of which they are composed.
1.
Simple words consist of a
single free morpheme.
Examples: slay, flea, long.
2.
Complex words contain.
Examples: two bound form
Matricide
Bound and free froms
Telephone.
C.
Compound words
The third of words is
compound words. These have free form. Usually two, as their immediate
constituents.
Examples: green house
Out side
Compound words can be
distinguished from gramatical structures in three ways:
1.
Compound word cannot be
devided by the insertion of intervening material between the two parts,
example: sweet heart
2.
A member of a compound word
cannot participate in a gramatical structure.
Compare hard ball and baseball.
3.
Some compound nouns, have
stress pattern (`’)
Examples: blue bird.
10.
Processes of word formation
A.
Compounding
Compounding is simply the
joining of two or words into a single words.
Examples: Breakfast,
busybody.
B.
Derivational
Derivational is the forming
of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases existing words.
C.
Invention
Now and then new words are
totally invented.
Example: kodak.
D.
Echoism
Echoism is the formation of
words whose sound suggest their meaning.
Example: bobwhite
E.
Clipping
Clipping means cutting off
the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the
whole.
Example: influenza – flue
F.
Acronymy
Acronymy is the process
whereby a is formed form the initials or beginning segments of a succession of
words.
Example: OK ; oklama
G.
Blending
Blending is the fusion of
two words into one.
Example: gasohol.
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